ari matattoo akafuridzirwa nezvinyorwa zvekare uye zviratidzo zvepakati nepakati Vari kusangana nevechidiki vechipiri. Zvaimboonekwa sechimwe chinhu chaingoitwa nenyanzvi dzenhoroondo chete kana kuti nyanzvi dzepaleography, chave chinhu chinonyatsoenderana nemaitiro ane simba akadai seAmerica echinyakare, matattoo ane machira, kana maoko emakumbo akafukidzwa nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana. Kana uchida zveMiddle Ages, Gothic uye runako rusinganzwisisike Uye kana uchida kuzvipfeka paganda rako usingagare uchiwira muhondo yemazuva ese nebakatwa, uri panzvimbo chaiyo.
Vaya vanoda nhoroondo yeMiddle Ages vanotsvaga chimwe chinhu chine hunyanzvi kupfuura murwi wekareZvinhu zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu ezvinyorwa zvakavhenekerwa, huMwari hwaArs Moriendi, chiratidzo chechitendero netsika chenguva iyoyo, kana kunyange kunzwa kwakakurumbira kwemakarenda evafudzi nemabhuku ekare. Zvese izvi zvinogona kugadziriswa kuti zvienderane nemutauro wemazuva ano wekunyora matattoo, kunyanya maitiro echinyakare ekuAmerica, chero bedzi motif yacho yakasarudzwa nokungwarira uye yakarerutswa nepfungwa.
Sei zvinyorwa zveMiddle Ages zvichikurudzira matattoo akawanda nhasi?
Kudzokazve kwemagadzirirwo aya hakusi tsaona. Manyoro ekare ane chiedza anosanganisira hunyanzvi, nyaya, uye zviratidzo nenzira ine simba guru. Kabhuku kadiki kega kega, bhii guru rega rega rakashongedzwa, uye chiitiko chega chega chinopa pfungwa dzakanaka zvine zvazvinoreva, zvinoshandurwa paganda, zvinogona kupfuura kungotaura kuti "Ndinoda Nguva dzepakati."
Mumabasa mazhinji aya tinowana zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwepashure perufu, zviitiko zverufu neruponesoMienzaniso yechivi nehunhu hwakanaka, Kutongwa Kwekupedzisira, uye hupenyu hwemazuva ese hwevarimi. Hatisi kungotaura nezvemaBhaibheri eumbozha emadzimambo, asiwo mabhuku anozivikanwa akaita seaya Kalendari yeVafudzi *Bhuku reVakafa* raRichard Pynson, bhuku rekare reChirungu remuzana remakore rechi16 raisanganisa nyeredzi, tsika dzechiKristu, mazano anoshanda, uye zviratidzo zvemweya, rakaratidza kuva risingadzivisiki kune vanonyora tattoo vemazuva ano.
Pamusoro pe, Zviratidzo zveMiddle Ages zvine simba remifananidzo rakaipisisaMichinjikwa yakagadzirwa, mhuka dzinoshamisa, madhimoni akaita semakatuni, matehenya anoyevedza, ngirozi dzakapfeka nhumbi dzehondo, mavhiri erombo rakanaka, magirazi enguva, mwedzi nemazuva ane hunhu… Izvi zvinhu zvinoenderana zvakanaka nemitsetse yakakora, mimvuri yakasimba uye mavara akareruka anoratidza maitiro echinyakare ekuAmerica uye matattoo ekare.
Sekunge izvozvo hazvina kukwana, rudzi urwu rwemifananidzo runobvumira kuvaka nyaya dzakaoma dzinoonekwaSemuenzaniso, tattoo yemakumbo ine chigamba chemaoko inogona kubatanidza zvidimbu zvakasiyana: dehenya rakafuridzirwa neArs Moriendi riri padivi pengirozi ine munondo, chiono chevafudzi vakatarisa denga, vhiri rezodiac, uye bhii guru rakashongedzwa nemhuka dzinoshamisa. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda chega, asi pamwe chete chinotaura nyaya yakakura.
Chinokosha kunzwisisa kuti tattoo haifanirwe kunge iri kopi yepeji remanyoro shoko neshoko. Chine simba ndechekuti... kutora zvidimbu zvechisiko ichocho chekare chinoonekwa uye kuashandura kuita kodhi yekunyora tattoo panguva ino, vachiremekedza hunhu hwavo asi vachiita kuti aonekwe paganda, muhukuru hwakakodzera uye chimiro.
Kubva kuna Ars Moriendi kusvika kuKalender yeShepherdes: zvinyorwa zvepakati nepakati zvinokurudzira inki
Kana uchifarira kuongorora nhoroondo kuti uwane pfungwa dzepakutanga, nyika ye mabhuku ekare pamusoro perufu neruponeso Mugodhi wegoridhe. Muunganidzwa wemagwaro anozivikanwa se Ars Moriendi (“Unyanzvi hwekufa”) hwakapararira muEurope yese pakati pezana remakore rechi15 nerechi16, huzere nemifananidzo inoratidza munhu ari kufa akakomberedzwa nengirozi nemadhimoni, miedzo yekupedzisira, uye kurwira mweya wavo. Pachitarisiko, goridhe rakachena rematattoo.
Mifananidzo iyi inowanzo sanganisira Madehenya anoburitsa pachena, madhimoni anotyisa, mabhuku, michinjikwa, nhoo dzerufu, marimi emoto nemakore nemifananidzo yekudenga. Pane kutevedzera chiitiko chakakura, unogona kusarudza zvinhu zvakakosha wozvigadzira: dehenya rakatsamira pabhuku rakavhurika rine dhimoni diki richizevezera munzeve yaro, semuenzaniso, rakanyorwa nenzira yechinyakare ine mitsetse mikobvu nemavara akati sandara.
Chimwe chinyorwa chinofanira kutariswa ndicho chatotaurwa. Kalendari yeVafudzi naRichard PynsonYakadhindwa muLondon muna 1506, yakanga isiri karenda chete; yaisanganisa nyeredzi, nyeredzi, dzidziso dzetsika, zviratidzo zvegehena neparadhiso, uye zviitiko zvidiki zvehupenyu hwekumaruwa. Mifananidzo yayo inosanganisira mavhiri egore, madenderedzwa enyeredzi, mifananidzo yekufamba kwenguva, uye rombo rakanaka revanhu.
Mukarenda iyi, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena: "Chiratidzo chaRazaro"Chiitiko chinoratidza rwendo rwemweya uye kuziva nezvekufa. Chikamu ichi chechinyorwa chakatoenzaniswa nemutauro wemamwe mabasa aShakespeare, akadai se OthelloNekuda kwekunyanya kutarisisa kwayo pakuva nemhosva, kuzvidemba, uye ramangwana. Kubva pane izvi panogona kubuda matattoo anosanganisa chiratidzo chechiKristu chekumuka kwevakafa neruzivo rwemhosva nerudzikinuro, achishandisa halos, mwaranzi yechiedza, mabhandeji kana machira, uye maoko anomuka kubva muguva.
Hatifaniriwo kukanganwa kuti akawanda emabhuku aya akadhindwa nemanyoro akaunganidzwa mifananidzo yakakurumbira yevafudzi, varimi nezviitiko zvezuva nezuvaMifananidzo iyi inogona kushandurwa kuita matattoo ane chimiro chekumaruwa uye chekusuruvara: mifananidzo yevafudzi vakatsamira patsvimbo dzavo pasi pedenga rakazara nenyeredzi, dzimba, nyeredzi, mwedzi, uye zviratidzo zvemwaka unochinja. Zvese izvi zvinogona kubatanidzwa mujira rezvigamba, zvichichinjanisa mifananidzo yakakomba neyekare kuti zvisanyanya kufadza runako rwerufu nechivi.
Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda, zvakakoshawo kuongorora tsika dzechiFrench dze Karenda yemanyowa neBerger, imwe yenzvimbo huru dzinoonekwa dze Kalendari yeVafudzi. Ikoko uchawana makarenda emwedzi ane mifananidzo, mahoroscope, zviitiko zvebasa repapurazi uye mifananidzo yenguva inofananidzira, iyo yose inogona kutamisirwa nyore nyore paganda nenzira iri nyore.
Makodhi ekuona eMiddle Ages anoshanda zvakanaka muchimiro chetsika chekuAmerica
Maitiro echinyakare ekuAmerica, ane mitsetse yakakora, mimvuri yakasimba, uye mavara mashomaZvinoita sezviri kure zvikuru netsananguro dzakanyatsojeka dzemanyoro akajeka. Zvisinei, patinotarisa "mapfupa" emifananidzo yakawanda yepakati nepakati, tinoona kuti vanovimba nemagadzirirwo akajeka, zvakanyorwa pamberi, uye zviratidzo zvinonzwisisika - izvo chaizvo zvinodiwa neshanduro.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kusarudza mifananidzo ine ma profiles ane simba zvinoonekwa ipapo ipapo: michinjikwa yemaumbirwo akasiyana, minondo yakatwasuka ine mibato yakashongedzwa, nhoo dzine mifananidzo iri nyore (shumba, fleurs-de-lis, makondo), matehenya ane korona kana halos, uye ngirozi nemadhimoni ane mifananidzo yakapfava. Rudzi urwu rwechifananidzo runokwanisa kushandurwa kuita mitsetse yakakora uye yakazara zvakati sandara.
Kune jira remakumbo rakaita serinogadzirwa nezvigamba, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepakati pekare zvinogona kusarudzwa uye kubatwa se zvigamba zvakazvimiririra zvakasonerwa pamwe chete nemaziso: zuva rine chimiro chevanhu, mwedzi une chiso, ruoko rwakabata chikero, vhiri rerombo rakagadzirwa, bhuku rakavhurika rine mavara echiGothic akareruka… Hazvidikanwi kudzokorodza kumashure kwakashongedzwa kwemanyoro, zvishongo zvidiki zvinoyeuchidza kuti kwakabva zvakakwana.
Unogona zvakare kutamba ne mavara ane chivharo chakashongedzwaZvakajairika mumakodhekisi ekare. Pane kukopa bhii chairo, mugadziri wematattoo anogona kugadzira bhii rekutanga rakaumbwa zvakajeka (semuenzaniso, bhii rekutanga rezita rako) uye kurikomberedza nezvinhu zvemiti, zvisikwa zvidiki zvekufungidzira, kana mifananidzo yejometri yakafuridzirwa nemucheto wezvinyorwa. Zvakare, zano nderekurerutsa ruzivo kuitira kuti tattoo ikure zvakanaka.
Usakanganwa iyo zvinangwa zvechitendero uye zvetsikaZviratidzo izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa patsva pasina tattoo inodiwa kuti ive yekunamata. Mwoyo wakabayiwa nebakatwa (rinodzokorora mifananidzo yeMarian), maoko akasungwa achinyengetera, chikero, manera anokwira kumakore, chionioni cheawa chine mapapiro… Izvi zviratidzo zvinobva mutsika yekurangarira hunhu hupfupi hwehupenyu uye kukosha kwehunhu hwakanaka, uye zvinoshanda zvakanaka paganda nerunako rwekare.
Mazano e tattoo epakati pekare anopfuura gamba rekare
Kana wakambofunga nezvemurwi akapfeka nhumbi dzinopenya uye zvichiita sezviri pachena, kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda. dzimwe nzira dzekufungidzira dzepakati nepakati izvo zvichiri kuratidza chido chako chenhoroondo, asi nenzira isiri chaiyo. Chinokosha ndechekutsvaga zviratidzo zvinoratidza nguva yacho pasina kugara uchidhirowa hunhu humwe chete nengowani nepfumo.
Sarudzo ine simba zvikuru ndeyekutarisa pane chikonzero che "memento mori"Zvakanyanya kuwanda muArs Moriendi uye mumakarenda etsika. Madehenya anotaura, mapfupa anotamba, miviri yakaora zvishoma, ngirozi dzichinongedzera kumagirazi enguva, zvinyorwa zvinotiyeuchidza nezvekupfupika kwehupenyu. Munzira yechinyakare, magadzirirwo aya anova zvidimbu zvine simba kwazvo, zvakafanana nedehenya rekare asi rine nhoroondo yakajeka.
Imwe nzira inofadza ndeye zviitiko zvekurwa pamweya pasina chikonzero chekuratidza hondo chaiyo. Semuenzaniso, mweya unomiririrwa semunhu mudiki, akadhonzwa nengirozi nedhimoni, akafuridzirwa nemifananidzo yaArs Moriendi. Kana zviri nyore, zvinogona kuva tattoo inoratidza pachena: vanhu vaviri vanopikisana vachiedza kudhonza chetatu, vese vakaumbwa mudenderedzwa kana kuti muchimiro chezvidhori zvidiki.
Kana iwe uchida chimwe chinhu chakangwara, iyo zviratidzo zvepamucheto uye mifananidzo midiki kubva mumanyoro (Mhuka dzisinganzwisisike, zviso zvakavanzika, maoko anonongedza, maruva madiki) zvinoshanda zvakanaka sematattoo madiki ekuzadza mipata iri muruoko rwezvigamba. Dzakanakira kupedzisa gumbo pasina kuva chinhu chikuru uye dzinowedzera kubata "kwenyanzvi" uko munhu ane chido chakafanana nechako cheMiddle Ages achanzwisisa.
Unogonawo kuvimba zviratidzo zvekarenda yepakati nepakati uye nyeredziZviratidzo zveZodiac zvinoratidzwa nenzira yenguva iyoyo, mifananidzo inoratidza mwedzi yegore (yakadai semurimi ari kuchekerera munaKurume, uyo ari kukohwa muna Nyamavhuvhu, uyo ari kuzvidziisa pamoto muna Ndira), kana madhayagiramu akareruka emavhiri enyeredzi. Mukushandura, zvakakwana kutsanangura zvakajeka masilhouettes, kusimbisa mitsetse yakakosha, uye kushandisa palette yakatwasuka kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inoramba ichiverengwa.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa kuomarara kwepakati penguva dzekare kuita chipfeko chezvigamba
Manyoro ekare neincunabula akadai se Kalendari yeVafudzi Azere neruzivo rwakamanikana: magwaro matete, mifananidzo midiki, uye zvinhu zvakawanda. Kuisa izvozvo pagumbo rakaita serinogadzirwa nemachira zvinoreva kudzidza kucheka, kuisa zvinhu zvakakosha pakutanga, uye kugadzirisa kuitira kuti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chiverengeke uri kure uye chisave chisina kujeka nekufamba kwenguva.
Danho rekutanga nderekusarudza kuti mumwe nemumwe achaita basa ripi tattoo mukati mesetiZvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kunge zviri nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha (semuenzaniso, chiitiko chikuru chakafuridzirwa neChiratidzo chaRazaro kana mufananidzo kubva kuna Ars Moriendi), nepo zvimwe zvichizoshanda sezvizadziso zvekufananidzira: muchinjikwa wakapfava, mwedzi, mupumburu une rugwaro rupfupi rwakanyorwa neGothic script, dehenya diki. Muvezi wetattoo anogona kukubatsira kuparadzira zvinhu izvi zvinoonekwa.
Zvakakoshawo kufunga nezve stylistic coherenceKunyangwe kana ukawana kurudziro kubva kuzvinyorwa zvakadhindwa zvechiFrench, Chirungu, kana zvekupera kwezana remakore rechi15, zvese zvinofanira kupfuura nepasefa imwe chete: maitiro etsika ekuAmerica kana rudzi rwemutsetse wawakasarudza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyora zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanaka, mapatani akapfava, kana mamiriro ekunze akaomesesa, zvichitsiva nemavara matema, mimvuri yakapfava, uye mavara akajeka.
Kuti chipfeko chepatchwork chitaridzike zvakafanana, unogona kushandisa repertoire diki yemavara anodzokororwa (tsvuku, dema, goridhe/yero, girini dema, bhuruu rebhuruu) izvo zvinoyeuchidza mavara ekare nenyika yekare. Kunyangwe chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chichimiririra chimwe chinhu chakasiyana (chiitiko chetsika, chiratidzo chezodiac, mhuka inoshamisa), kugovera manzwi aya kuchaita kuti zvese zviratidzike zvakabatana.
Pakupedzisira, zvinokurudzirwa kusiya nzvimbo yekuti misoro midiki yenhoroondo zvingakufadza: zvichida zita remuchina wekudhinda akaita saPynson paribhoni, zuva rechiRoma rinotaura nezvechinyorwa chakati, kana kunyange bhuku rinonyanya kutaurwa, senge vhesi pfupi yechiLatin kana izwi rine chekuita nedingindira rerufu, nguva, kana ramangwana. Gara uchizvishandisa zvishoma, kuitira kuti usanyanya kuomesera chinyorwa.
Nyika yese iyi yepakati nepakati—kubva kuArs Moriendi kusvika kumakarenda evafudzi—inoratidza kuti munhu haafanire kuzviganhurira kune gamba remazuva ano rakapfeka nhumbi dzinopenya kuti aratidze rudo rwenguva iyoyo. zviratidzo zvakajeka, zviitiko zvinosimudzira tsika, ruzivo rwemumucheto, uye mafambiro enyeredziChishongo chemakumbo chakagadzirwa nemaoko chakagadzirwa nemaoko chinogona kugadzirwa, chakazara nenhoroondo uye panguva imwe chete chakabatanidzwa zvakakwana mumutauro wemazuva ano wekunyora matattoo.
