La nhoroondo yematatoo Yakura kupfuura zvatinowanzofungidzira patinofunga nezvemastudio emazuva ano, michina yetsono, uye inki dzine mavara. Tsvagiridzo yezvakacherwa mumatongo yakaratidza kuti, zviuru zvemakore mastudio ekutanga emazuva ano asati avhurwa, marudzi akasiyana-siyana akanga atove achiratidza ganda rezvinhu zvekunamata, zvehutano, kana zvemagariro evanhu.
Nhasi tinoziva, kupfuura zvose nekuda kwekudzidza mazamu akachengetwa mumakondinendi akati wandeikuti kunyora tattoo kwave kuri chikamu chezviitiko zvevanhu kwemakore angangoita 5.200. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakamanikidza kuongororazve pfungwa dzakawanda dzagara dziripo: izvo zvinowanzoonekwa semaitiro azvino, muchokwadi, ndeimwe yetsika dzekare dzinozivikanwa dzekugadzirisa muviri.
Rwendo rwemakore anopfuura 5.000 paganda
Ongororo dzesainzi nedzakakurumbira dzichangoburwa, dzakadai sedzakaburitswa munhau dzakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi uye mishumo yakaitwa ne kuparadzirwa kwenhoroondo pasi roseVanosimbisa kuti tsika yekunyora ganda haina kutanga panzvimbo imwe chete kana panguva imwe chete. Yakatanga yoga munzvimbo dziri kure, pasina kusangana zvakananga, zvichiratidza kuti inopindura zvinodiwa nevanhu zvikuru.
Vaongorori vakawana mavanga einki pamitumbi yakaomeswa Kubva kuEurope, Africa, America, neAsia, zviratidzo izvi zvinotibvumira kugadzira patsva mepu yepasi rose yekunyora tattoo, kubva kuPeruvian Andes kusvika kuNile Valley, ichipfuura nemuEurope Alps nemasteppes eCentral Asia. Mamiriro ezvinhu anoonekwa mazamu aya anoratidza kuti matattoo angave akabatana netsika dzechitendero, dziviriro kubva kuzvakaipa, kuzivikanwa kwevanhu, kana kunyange kurapwa.
Kunyange hazvo izwi rekuti "tattoo" rakava rakakurumbira muEurope nekuda kwerwendo rwaKaputeni James Cook muzana remakore rechi18, apo izwi rinobva pa Mitauro yePolynesiaTsika iyi yakanga yatova nezviuru zvemakore. Zvakaitwa naCook kupa zita mumashoko ekuEurope kune chimwe chinhu chaive chichiitwa nevamwe vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore.
Kuchera matongo uye nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuongorora, dzakadai sekutara nguva yeradiocarbon, zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzirisa nguva uye Enzanisa zera remadzimai akasiyana ane tattooNekuda kweizvi, zvave zvichikwanisika kuronga zviri nani iyi puzzle yakapararira, zvichisarudza kuti ndeapi mitumbi inoratidza humbowo hwekutanga hwekunyora tattoo munhoroondo.
Ötzi, Aizi Man, uye matattoo ekutanga akanyorwa
Nyaya inozivikanwa zvikuru, uye nanhasi inoonekwa seyekare kupfuura dzose dzine matattoo akasimbiswa, ndeye Ötzi, anonzi Munhu WechandoMutumbi wake wakawanikwa muna 1991 mumakomo eAlps, pamuganhu uri pakati peItaly neAustria, nekuda kwemvura inonyunguduka yechando. Ongororo inoratidza kuti akafa pakati pemakore 3370 na3100 BC, kureva kuti, makore anopfuura zviuru zvishanu apfuura.
Zvinotevera zvakaonekwa paganda raÖtzi Matattoo emutsara makumi matanhatu nerimweDzinoumbwa nemapoka madiki emitsara nemichinjikwa. Dzinogadzirwa uchishandisa nzira yekare: mavanga akaitwa paganda ndokukweshwa guruva remarasha mumaronda ekugadzirisa ruvara. Aya haasi manhamba akaomarara, asi zviratidzo zviri nyore izvo, zvisinei, zvakavhura gakava guru resainzi.
Nzvimbo yematattoo aya inonyanya kushamisa: anowanikwa munzvimbo dzemuviri umo Ötzi akatambura. matambudziko emajoini uye kurwadziwa kusingaperizvakaita semabvi, zvitsitsinho, uye musana wepazasi. Izvi zvakaita kuti nyanzvi dzakawanda dzitaure kuti mavanga aya anogona kunge aine basa rekurapa, pamwe rine chekuita nerudzi rwekutanga rwe acupuncture kana kuti maitiro ekurapa achishandisa mapoinzi chaiwo pamuviri.
Chidzidzo chakadzama chakaburitswa mu Nyaya yeArchaeological Science: Mishumo Vaongorori vakaenzanisa kupararira kwematattoo aÖtzi nezvirwere zvakaonekwa mumapfupa nemapfundo ake, zvichisimbisa fungidziro yekuti aifanira kushandiswa pakurapa kana patsika kuderedza marwadzo. Chidzidzo ichi chakaongororawo zvimwe zviitiko zvakanzi ndezvekare, zvakaita semamwe mazamu emhuka anobva kumahombekombe eChile, uye vakaona kuti, mushure mekugadzirisa mazuva acho, zvaive zvakazotevera.
Neruzivo rutsva urwu rwuri patafura, nzanga yesainzi ikozvino inobvumirana kuti matattoo aÖtzi anomiririra humbowo hwekare, hwakanyorwa zvakanaka yekunyora tattoo pamuviri wemunhu, zvichiita kuti mummy uyu weAlpine uve chinhu chakakosha chekunzwisisa mavambo etsika iyi mu Europe uye mberi.
Matattoo muIjipiti yekare: simba, chitendero uye ganda rechikadzi
Pavaiva mumakomo eAlps, mitsetse yakapfava yakanga yakanyorwa paganda, mu Yekare Ijipiti Kunyora nyora kwakashanduka nemifananidzo yakaoma kunzwisisa. Madzimai akaongororwa, ane makore ari pakati pa3351 na3017 BC, anoratidza mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira mhuka, mifananidzo yejometri, uye zviratidzo zvechitendero.
Pakati pezvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa pane zvitunha zvevakadzi, zvine chekuita nenharaunda yetemberi, izvo zvinoratidza Matattoo enzombe, nyoka, uye zviratidzo zvechitendero zvakapararira mumaoko, pamafudzi, nemusana. Magadzirirwo aya haaratidzike sekunge ari ekushongedza chete: kusarudzwa kwemamotifomu uye kuiswa kwawo pamuviri zvinoratidza kuti pane chikamu chakasimba chetsika uye chemweya.
Mumwe mufananidzo unoshamisa zvikuru ndewe mupristikadzi akawanikwa muMupata weMadzimamboAkavigwa aine matattoo anodarika makumi matatu. Pakati pawo paiva neEye of Horus, maruva elotus, nemitsetse inoyeuchidza nezvemitsipa yemutsipa kana mabhandi etsika. Zvinhu izvi zvaive zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwaMwari, kubereka, uye chinzvimbo mukati mehutungamiriri hwechitendero, uye zvinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti matattoo, muchirevo ichi, aive chiratidzo chemukurumbira nebasa dzvene.
Kuwanikwa kwakanyanya kwematattoos mu miviri yevakadzi yakabatana nechitendero ichi Izvi zvakaita kuti vamwe vaongorori vataure kuti kunyora matattoo kungave kwaive, pane dzimwe nguva munhoroondo yeIjipita, tsika yainyanya kuenderana nemabasa echikadzi mumitambo yechitendero netsika. Kwete kuva chinhu chisina basa, asi chaive chikamu chemifananidzo yesimba remweya.
Sezvo zvitunha zvakachengetwa mumamiziyamu ekuEurope nekuEgypt zvaongororwazve uye zvaongororwazve—nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwemifananidzo husingapindi—mienzaniso mitsva yakabuda ichisimbisa kuti kunyora tattoo kwaive tsika yakabatanidzwa muhupenyu hwetsika dzeIjipita yekareKubva pamaonero anhasi, avo vakajaira kubatanidza matattoo nefashoni kana runako, zvinoshamisa kuona kuti aibatanidzwa kusvika papi nekunamata, mashiripiti, uye simba rekufananidzira.
Matattoo mutsika dzemuAmerica
Kune rimwe divi reAtlantic, tsika dzekare dzevaHispanic dzakabatanidzawo matattoo muzvisikwa zvavo zvekufananidzira. Mumwe wemienzaniso inozivikanwa zvikuru ndewe Mukadzi weCao, zviri zve Tsika dzeMoche kubva kuPeru yanhasi, amai vake vakawanikwa vaine matattoo akasiyana-siyana aionekwa pamaoko nemaoko.
Mifananidzo inoshongedza ganda remukadzi uyu—madandemutande, nyoka, uye mifananidzo isingaonekwe—inodudzirwa se zviratidzo zvesimba nedziviriro yemweyaKuoma kwemagadzirirwo aya, anotangira makore anopfuura chiuru, kunoratidza kuti akanga asiri mavara asina kurongeka, asi chikamu chemutauro unoonekwa wakachengeterwa vanhu vane kukosha kukuru munharaunda nechitendero.
Zvidzidzo zvevanhu zvichienzanisa matattoo aya neMoche ceramics, machira, nezvimwe zvinhu zvetsika zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vekare veIncan vakabatanidza miviri yakadhirowa mutsika dzavo. dhizaini yesimba uye kubatana nezvinhu zvinoshamisaSaka, Mukadzi weCao aizova muenzaniso wekuti kunyora tattoo, muAmerica yekare, kwaibatanidzwa sei nehutungamiriri hwechitendero uye nekuvakwa kwehunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kunyangwe zvakawanikwa mumatongo muAmerica zvisina kuwanda sezviri mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichikonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze uye kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, nyaya dzakanyorwa zvakanaka dzinosimbisa kuti kunyora matattoo kwaive chikamu che hurongwa hwezvitendero nesimba yakapararira zvikuru munharaunda yeAndean nemumataundi ari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa rePacific.
Matattoo ekare muCentral Asia neTarim Basin
MuAsia, vaongorori vakaona matattoo pamadzimai emhuka dzinochengetwa mudumbu kubva kumadzimai. Bheseni reTarimDunhu riri munzvimbo yava kumadokero kweChina, iyo yaimbova nzvimbo yakakosha yekupinda muSilk Road yekare. Madzimai aya, anotangira makore angangoita 3.300 apfuura, ane matattoo anoonekwa zvakanyanya pamaoko avo nezviso, mienzaniso ye nyora kumeso.
Zvikonzero zvezviratidzo izvi zvinosiyana pakati mifananidzo yejometri, mabhandi nezviratidzo Zvinoreva chaizvo zvichiri kukakavadzana. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwayo kwakarongeka mune vamwe vanhu kunoratidza zvakare basa remagariro evanhu kana retsika: zvinogona kuratidza kuva nhengo yeboka, chinzvimbo munharaunda, kana rimwe basa remhemberero.
Chinhu chakasiyana pane zvakawanikwa izvi ndechekuti zvinobva vanhu vanogara mumaguta uye misha iri kure yenzvimbo huru dzemaguta ekare, zvinoratidza kuti kunyora tattoo kwaisangova tsika yemadzimambo netsika dzakaoma dzakadai seEgypt chete, asiwo yenharaunda dzisina hukama hwakakwana.
Munzvimbo iyi yeAsia, kuomeswa kweganda neingi zvechisikigo zvakabvumira kuchengetedzwa kweganda, zvichiita kuti pave nekudzidza kwakadzama kwemaitiro anoshandiswa uye kushanduka-shanduka kwemagadzirirwo acho. Kuenzanisa matattoo aya nemamwe anowanikwa muEurope neAmerica kunoratidza kuti, pasinei nekusiyana kwemagadzirirwo, Vanogovana pfungwa yekuti ganda inzira yekuratidza hunhu nezvitendero.
Kuvapo kwematattoo panguva imwe chete pazvitunha zvaamai zvinobva kunzvimbo dziri kure seAlps, Nile, mahombekombe ePeru, uye Tarim Basin kunosimbisa fungidziro yekuti tiri kubata nechirwere chepfungwa. chiitiko chevanhu pasi roseTsika imwe neimwe yakaichinja kuti ienderane nechiratidzo chayo, asi chido chekuisa chiratidzo paganda chinoonekwa kakawanda kwezviuru zvemakore.
Kubva patsika dzekare kusvika pakutaura kwemazuva ano
Mabhuku matsva akasarudzika, kusanganisira zvinyorwa zviri mumagazini esainzi nemishumo kubva kunhau, anobvumirana kuti kuzvinyora nyora kwave kuripo munhoroondo yese se tambo yakafanana pakati penguva netsikaKubva pamadonhwe emarasha ari pamapfundo aÖtzi kusvika kumifananidzo yakaoma yevapristikadzi vekuIjipita kana vatungamiriri veMochica, mutumbi wacho wave uchishandiswa sejira rekunyora mashoko anopfuura runako.
Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekare idzi, kunyora matattoo kwaive kwakabatana ne tsika dzekurapa, kana kuzvipira kune zvitsveneGanda rine mavara raigona kuratidza kuti munhu akanga apasa bvunzo, atora basa rakati, kana kuti akatsvaga dziviriro kuna mwari. Chinhu chingaratidzika sechishongo kune mucherechedzi wemazuva ano chaiva nechiratidzo chaicho kune nzanga idzodzo.
Kwemazana emakore, uye kunyanya muEurope, maonero ematattoo akachinja zvakanyanya. Pane dzimwe nguva dzekare, aibatanidzwa ne vafambisi vechikepevasungwa kana mapoka akasiyiwaKunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nguva zvaitorwa nevakuru sechiratidzo chekusaziva zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Pasinei nekuchinja-chinja uku, tsika iyi haina kumbopera zvachose.
Mazuva ano, kunyanya munyika dzekuEurope dzakadai seSpain, kunyora matattoo kwave rudzi rwekuzvibata. kutaura kwakajairika kwemunhuNezvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi zvakarongwa uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakuita zvinhu sezvazviri kusvika pakuita zvinhu zvishoma, hunyanzvi hwekupenda ganda huchiripo. Kunyangwe hazvo zvikonzero zvisiri zvakare sezvakaitwa muIjipita yeFarao kana muAndes asati ava Hispanic, pfungwa yekushandisa ganda kurondedzera nyaya dzemunhu ichiripo.
Kubva pamaonero enhoroondo, matattoo atinoona nhasi mumigwagwa yeMadrid, Barcelona, ​​​​Berlin, kana chero rimwe guta reEurope anoramba ari tsika yekare: yekushandisa muviri senzvimbo iyo kunyora ndangariro, zvitendero, uye zvakaitikaMatekiniki nerevo zvinochinja, asi chiratidzo chekumaka ganda chinobatanidzwa zvakananga nekurova kwekutanga kwemarasha pamukadzi weAlpine kana nezviratidzo zvitsvene zvemupristikadzi wekuIjipita.
Rwendo urwu rwese rwekuchera matongo netsika runoratidza kuti matattoo haasi chinhu chinopfuura, asi tsika yave ichiperekedza vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Kubva pakurapa kwaÖtzi kusvika kumagadzirirwo akaomarara emitambo yeIjipita, America, neAsia, matattoo anozviratidza sechiitiko chenhoroondo chinotaura nezvekurwadziwa, dziviriro, hunhu, uye ndangariro, uye chinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei zvichiripo nanhasi, muEurope nenyika dzese, chimwe chezviratidzo zvemuviri zvakadzika midzi uye zvine revo.
